Free Online Mock test , UGC NET Mass communication & Journalism

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, in their seminal work “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” published in 1948, identified three levels of problems in the communication process. These levels are often referred to as the “Shannon-Weaver model” or the “communication model.”

• Broadcasting: This refers to sending content to a large, general audience, which isn’t the primary focus of community radio.
• Narrowcasting: This means targeting a specific audience, which aligns perfectly with the concept of community radio, as it caters to the needs and interests of a particular community.
• Personal casting: This term isn’t widely used in the context of media and communication, and it doesn’t accurately reflect the concept of community radio.
• Podcasting: While podcasts can share some similarities with community radio in terms of content creation and distribution, podcasts are typically audio-on-demand, while community radio broadcasts live over a specific frequency range.

Both the Times of India and The Statesman are prominent English language newspapers in India. While the other options may have been influential figures, only Robert Knight served as editor for both publications:

A license in copyright matters grants permission from the copyright owner to another party (the licensee) to use the copyrighted work in certain ways, as specified in the license agreement. This permission is a personal right, meaning it is specific to the individual or entity named in the license. The licensee gains the right to use the copyrighted material as outlined in the agreement, but that right does not extend to others unless explicitly mentioned in the license.

The Limited Effects Model, developed by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the 1940s, challenged the prevailing view of the time, which was the Hypodermic needle model. This earlier model assumed that media messages were directly injected into the minds of passive audiences, leading to immediate and uniform effects.

The Surgeon General’s report you are likely referring to is the 1972 report titled “Television and Growing Up: The Impact of Televised Violence.” This report, commissioned by the U.S. Surgeon General, examined the effects of television violence on children. It raised concerns about the potential negative impact of violent content on children’s behavior, suggesting a link between exposure to violent television programming and increased aggression in young viewers.

The Shannon and Weaver model of communication is a linear model, depicting communication as a one-way process from a sender to a receiver. It includes elements such as a sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and receiver in a linear sequence. The information flows in a straight line from the sender to the receiver without feedback or interaction during the transmission process.

After determining its advertising objectives, a company has to set an advertising budget for each product. The advertising budget is the financial allocation set aside for promotional activities, including advertising, for a specific product or marketing campaign. This budget helps determine how much resources the company is willing to allocate to advertising efforts to achieve its objectives. The budgeting process involves considering factors such as the overall marketing goals, competition, media costs, and the desired reach and frequency of the advertising campaign.

Multitasking in journalism is primarily a result of technology convergence. Technology convergence refers to the integration of different technologies, functionalities, and platforms into a single device or system. In the context of journalism, technology convergence has allowed journalists to use a variety of digital tools and platforms to gather, produce, and disseminate news content. Journalists today often need to handle tasks such as writing articles, shooting photos or videos, editing multimedia content, and managing social media channels—all of which are made possible and necessary by the convergence of technologies.

Single-sheet advertisements printed on one side are commonly referred to as fliers. Fliers are a form of printed promotional material that is usually distributed by hand or through various channels to convey a concise message about an event, product, service, or cause. They are often used for quick and direct communication with the target audience due to their simplicity and ease of distribution.

In the two-way symmetric model of public relations, communication is characterized by an exchange of information between an organization and its publics in a mutually beneficial manner. This model emphasizes dialogue, understanding, and building mutually beneficial relationships. In the context of communication channels, it often involves group-to-group communication, where both the organization and its publics engage in open and transparent communication to achieve common understanding and collaboration.

The Likert scale is a commonly used psychometric tool in survey research to measure attitudes, opinions, and perceptions. It consists of a set of statements or items to which respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement. The Likert scale helps researchers assess the discriminative power of items by gauging the variation in responses and identifying the degree to which respondents differentiate between the options provided. This allows researchers to understand the nuances and distinctions in individuals’ attitudes or opinions towards the items being measured.

In deductive reasoning, a universal generalization is a main feature. Deductive reasoning starts with general principles or hypotheses and applies them to specific situations to reach a logical conclusion. It involves moving from the general to the specific. Universal generalizations are statements that apply to all members of a certain class or category.

F. R. Leavis, a literary critic, believed in the importance of close reading and critical engagement with texts, including media texts. He advocated for the method of “practical criticism”, which involves analyzing a text in detail, paying close attention to its language, structure, and meaning.

The middle-range theory of communication was advocated by Robert Merton. Robert K. Merton, an influential sociologist, introduced the concept of middle-range theories. These theories are more specific and focused than grand theories but more general than empirical generalizations. Middle-range theories aim to explain and predict phenomena within a specific domain of study, making them more directly applicable to empirical research and practical situations.

Social marketing is a strategy integrated into communication for development. It involves using marketing principles and techniques to promote socially beneficial behaviors or attitudes. Unlike commercial marketing that aims to sell products, social marketing focuses on promoting positive social change, encouraging healthy behaviors, and addressing social issues.

he communication theory of developmental communication emphasizes an epistemological approach, which means it focuses on understanding how knowledge is created, shared, and applied within a community. This approach values local knowledge, community input, and participatory processes in fostering positive social change and development.